Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), leading to a range of metabolic disturbances. This condition affects millions worldwide and is often underdiagnosed due to its nonspecific symptoms. Hypothyroidism can result from autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or iatrogenic causes following thyroid surgery or radiation therapy. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and cognitive impairments, among others. Diagnosis is based on serum thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 levels, with elevated TSH and low T4 indicating primary hypothyroidism. Treatment typically involves lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy, which aims to restore euthyroidism and alleviate symptoms. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and current management strategies for hypothyroidism, highlighting recent advancements in treatment and patient care.
