Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Effective pharmacologic management is essential for preventing complications such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. This article provides an overview of the pharmacological agents used in the management of T2D, including the role of insulin, oral agents, and newer classes of drugs like GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. The mechanisms, efficacy, safety profiles, and clinical applications of these therapies are discussed. Additionally, the importance of individualized treatment plans, patient education, and monitoring are emphasized to achieve optimal glycemic control.
