Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have emerged as a cornerstone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), offering potent glycemic control, weight reduction, and cardiovascular benefits. These agents mimic endogenous GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying. Recent studies have expanded their potential use beyond diabetes, including obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This article reviews the pharmacological profile, mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and emerging applications of GLP-1 RAs. Results from clinical trials, such as SUSTAIN, LEADER, and STEP, have underscored their role in reducing cardiovascular risks and improving metabolic outcomes. The review also discusses the future prospects of dual- and tri-agonists and the implications of combining GLP-1 RAs with other therapeutic strategies.
