Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The physiological aspects of diabetes encompass a range of biochemical and hormonal dysregulations that lead to systemic complications. This article explores the pathophysiology of diabetes, including the roles of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and metabolic imbalances in glucose homeostasis. It also discusses the impact of diabetes on vital organs such as the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and nervous system. Furthermore, the article reviews current therapeutic strategies and future research directions aimed at improving disease management. A comprehensive understanding of diabetes physiology is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate disease burden and improve patient outcomes.
