The human gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microorganisms, plays a pivotal role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, is intricately linked to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This article explores the complex relationship between gut microbial composition and metabolic health, focusing on how microbial metabolites influence glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and systemic inflammation. Key findings highlight alterations in specific microbial taxa in diabetic individuals, the impact of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), endotoxins like lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and gut barrier function. Understanding these interactions provides promising avenues for therapeutic strategies including prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation.
