Metabolic dysfunction is a complex condition characterized by disruptions in fundamental biochemical pathways that regulate energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and lipid balance. It is a hallmark of several metabolic disorders, including obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. These dysfunctions arise due to a combination of genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and environmental influences. Insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and mitochondrial abnormalities are key contributors to metabolic impairment. The clinical implications of metabolic dysfunction are extensive, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies, ranging from pharmacological interventions to lifestyle modifications. This review explores the pathophysiological aspects of metabolic dysfunction, its clinical impact, and current advances in treatment approaches.
