Journal of Climatology & Weather Forecasting

Analyzing China's Most Comfortable Changing Climate

Joew Bedon^{* *}Correspondence: Joew Bedon, Editorial Office, Journal of Climatology and Weather Forecasting, United Kingdom, Tel: +447915641605, Email:

Author info »

Introduction

The promotion of national and leisure economic development around the world has been greatly aided by tourism, which is one of the largest and fastest-growing worldwide sectors. The International Tourism Highlights Report demonstrates how important the travel and tourism industry is to foster global economic growth and employment creation. Arrivals of foreign visitors increased by 5% in 2018 to reach 1.4 billion. Additionally, tourism-related export revenues have increased to USD 1.7 trillion. In 2018, the value of tourism made up 7% of all exports of goods and services and 29% of all worldwide exports of services. According to 2019 China tourism statistics, travel and tourism have a direct impact on the country's economy and society. Both 11.04% and 10.31% of people were employed. China enters a phase of rapid tourism development in addition to its steady economic growth. The tourism sector, which depends on natural resources, is rather climate-sensitive. Since climate change has a fundamental impact on how the world's tourist industry develops, topics relating to tourism and climate change are receiving more and more attention.

Climates that are secure and comfortable are a must for the growth of the tourism industry. Climate comfort is a bioclimatic metric that assesses how people feel physically in various meteorological settings. Studies on climatic comfort have a significant impact on several areas, including architectural design public health travel habits, and the creation of holiday places. An essential strategy for conducting this research area is the evaluation of climatic comfort. The resource of climate for tourism is complicated and encompasses many different weather variables, thus picking an appropriate index to measure climate is important. improvements in meteorology. More than 100 indices have been proposed and created to evaluate climatic comfort during the past century and these can be further divided into "empirical index" and "rational index" types.

As a result, researchers analyse the tourism climate comfort in various regions of China in terms of pertinent climate comfort indices. The "empirical index" and "rational index," however, only take into account the body's temperature, which is insufficient for researching tourismrelated activities. Thermal, physical, and aesthetic factors should all be considered when addressing the seasonality of tourism. account, in line proposed. The Tourism Climate Index (TCI), Beach Climate Index (BCI), Climate Index for Tourism (CIT), Modified Climate Index for Tourism (MCIT), and Holiday Climate Index (HCI) are just a few of the tourism climate indexes that have been proposed and created. The conceptual design is what makes up HCI and it applies a larger temporal scale of the climate (i.e., daily average). Further, HCI has been widely applied to assess the tourism climate suitability, in Iran Indonesia, Caribbean destinations and Europe.

Research has been limited on evaluating daily climate adaptation using the HCI for tourism purposes in China and the world. There hasn't been much research on how daily climate adaption using the HCI for tourism in China and around the world. In terms of architectural design, visitor sturdiness, and the growth of the tourism sector, the Tourist Climate Comfortable Period (TCCP), which is the carrier of the tourist climate comfortableness degree duration, is extremely important. The goal of this study is to assess the adaptability of TCCP in a changing climate and to look into the potential of China's climate as a tourism destination. This paper goes into further detail about its research methodology, application, and major findings. Finally, conclusions and their implications for future studies on determining the suitability of the climate for tourism now and in the future are examined. Researchers in tourism must make sense of the shifting climate trends for mitigation methods for tourism to address the complex difficulties posed by climate variability and climate change. According to this reasoning, a favourable climate is essential to the advancement of tourism and societal well-being. In this regard, there is a rising need for specialised climate-related tools and procedures that make it possible to effectively convert climate information into information that is important to making decisions. The intricacy of the multiple human-environment climate information can be spelled very simply by using indices, a method for analysing climate resources. Over the past century, the "empirical index" or "rational index" of the Comfort Index of the Human Body has dominated the literature. Indexes on subjective sentiments or physiological reaction factors are referred to as "empirical indexes," and they include Effective Temperature (ET), Temperature Humidity Index (THI), Wind Effect Index (WEI), and other reaction factors Predicted Mean Vote-Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PMVPPD), Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), etc. are examples of "Rational Index/Model." Yu et al. evaluated The summer climate comfort level and tourism attractiveness potential in northern China using the THI, Wind Chill Effect (WCI), and Index of Clothing (ICL). For instance, Chi et al. used UTCI and PET to assess the dynamics of thermal comfort in 31 Chinese province capital cities over 30 years. Using the UTCI and an analytical hierarchy process model, Yang examined the regional differentiation of China's summer tourism destinations from 1960 to 2014.

However, if the temperature is comfortable, bad weather might still limit outdoor activity. Additionally, certain outdoor tourism subgenres, like ski or beach tourism, are particularly weather-sensitive and have specific temperature requirements. Indexes for assessing the tourism climate are required under these specifications. There have been numerous proposed and developed tourism climate indexes over the past 30 years. The TCI (Tourism Climate Index) is a composite index of tourist activity that was first developed by Mieczkowski.

It has been used to evaluate a destination's existing conditions and potential as well as look at future climatic conditions mostly because of its integration of three climatic characteristics (thermal, physical, and aesthetic). TCI, though TCI has a number of flaws, including its one-month temporal resolution, lack of the dominating impact of physical variables (wind and rain), disregard for the subjectivity of the thresholds, and disregard for activities that depend on the weather. To evaluate the climate suitability of coastal locations specifically for beach recreation, Morgan developed a user-based Beach Climate Index (BCI), which incorporates the same variables as the TCI except for the daily thermal component. The Climate Index for Tourism by De Freitas et al. combined the numerous aspects of climate and weather into one index (CIT). It is not appropriate, though, primarily because it is based on actual observations of atmospheric conditions and is intended for 3S tourism rather than other types of tourism activities [42, 49]. It is inappropriate for use in activities examining climatic resources. The Modified Climate Index for Tourism (MCIT) was created by Yu et al. and combines visibility and significant weather (such as rain, lightning, hail, and snow) to measure climate as a resource for tourism [25]. However, according to pertinent literature, MCIT does not exploit visitor climatic preferences. Scott et al. presented the Holiday Climate Index, which circumvents the cited shortcomings and limitations of the Tourism Climate Index, based on the expanding literature on travellers' stated climatic preferences. For instance, the component weighing system and variable rating scales were both improved upon. Because of its comprehensiveness and universality, Scott's HCI is used in this analysis. The Tourist Climate Pleasant Period (TCCP) has a significant impact on architectural design, visitor health, and the growth of the tourism sector. The significance of tourist decision-making has previously been constrained by the poor temporal resolution of climate data (i.e., monthly data) as the time granularity. It is less useful for comparison and study of interregional differences than the daily scale. There is a lot of variation in China's climate around the country. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the TCCP totality's temporal patterns in China. However, relatively few studies have examined how China's everyday climate adaptability is measured using the Tourism Climate Index for tourism-related goals. The focus of Fang and Yin is on the climate in tourism. concentrate on the role of climate in determining seasonality in tourism and evaluates how climate resources affect China's seasonality in tourism using the Tourism Climate Index (TCI). Zhu and Zhao estimated TCI and examined tourism climatic comfort characteristics on the resort Lu Mountain in China using daily meteorological records from 1966 to 2015 in Guangxi. In light of the shifting climate, research that employed TCI for China did not accurately represent the tourism business.

In order to assess the impact of climate change and comfort on tourism, this study combined HCI and meteorological data from 775 synoptic stations in China.

Additionally, ArcGIS 10.2 has been used to study the temporal and spatial distributions of the tourism climate index. Kriging interpolation and appropriate periods of it has been determined when tourists should be present in various cities. These findings have significant ramifications for future studies evaluating the suitability of the climate for tourism now and in the future. Significant seasonal and regional variations exist in the TCCP distribution among various districts. In this study, the TCCP (HCI 80) criterion is used to rate the tourism climate environment as "outstanding."

The guideline also states that the average annual TCCP in China is 131.4 days, with summer having the most (53.8 days), followed by autumn and spring (36.4 days and 34.3 days), and winter having the fewest (shortest) days (6.9 days). Additionally, our findings indicated that the majority of China's areas have pleasant spring and fall weather for visitors. The spatial distribution of TCCP exhibits a latitudinal gradient in the summer and winter. Yunnan is the region with the highest levels of tourism comfort, but the Tibetan Plateau region has Plateau region is the least appealing. Another result from a national viewpoint is that the trend in local regions of China, such as the intersection of the BeijingTianjin-Hebei region and the majority of Shandong Province, dropped between 1981 and 2010. Analytical findings highlight the significance of TCCP for tourism as well as the spatial distribution of tourist seasonality affected by changing climate.

Additionally, China displays a latitudinal gradation of tourism climate desirability in both the summer and the winter. The majority of "good" days occur north of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River due to the region being cool and comfortable in the summer. The "good" winter weather areas are found in south of the southern coastline area. The Yunnan Province and the southern coastal area are deemed to have less "great" days, while Inner Mongolia and the northeast and northwest are believed to have less "excellent" days. The latitude has a considerable impact on temperature, which determines whether an area has an appealing TCCP for travellers in the summer and winter. Numerous temperature fluctuations are being brought on by climate change, which has a significant impact on people's way of life.

In this context, both summer and winter tourists are progressively taking off. The findings show that elevation and latitude have a substantial impact on China's summer tourism climate. In China, there is a desire to stay out of the heat, particularly in the southeast, where people have a high level of consumption capacity. In terms of tourism climate, the majority of northern China is suitable for summer travel. With our help of us, they could provide travellers from southern China who wanted to avoid the summer heat a comfortable environment. The most fundamental requirement for winter tourism is a comfortable and mild temperature. As the latitude decreases in winter, the TCCP increases.