Nandini N.M
JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, India
Keynote: J Steroid Horm Sci
Worldwide, endometrial cancer is now the sixth most common cancer amongst women, with over 89,000 deaths reported globally in 2018. Incidence rates of endometrial cancer have increased by almost three-fifths (57%) in the UK since the early 1990s with similar trends reported globally. This phenomenon is strongly related to epidemic obesity levels, reduced hysterectomy rates and an ageing population. A rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), decreased hormone replacement therapy use, changing reproductive behaviour and increased tamoxifen use are also associated with development of endometrial cancer. Up to 5% of cases are associated with Lynch syndrome. Women over 50 years of age, but an increase in the number of pre-menopausal women diagnosed with endometrial cancer has been noted. Symptoms include (post-menopausal bleeding), abnormal vaginal bleeding including intermenstrual bleeding or discharge, abdominal pain and weight loss. Currently, all women presenting with PMB are referred for an urgent diagnostic workup, including an internal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and biopsy. Cytology is the microscopic study of cells and is widely used in cervical screening programmes. Cytology sampling techniques may be less invasive, more acceptable to patients, offer a quicker turnaround for results and cost less than histology. Cytology sampling techniques may also be utilised as a triage test in primary care, reducing the need for referrals to secondary care. The current diagnostic pathway includes sequential investigations by transvaginal ultrasound scan (TVUS), blind endometrial biopsy and/or outpatient hysteroscopy and targeted biopsies. Our study presents the use of cytology i.e. conventional pap smear, liquid based cytology LBC, with ancillary techniques like IHC wherever possible as a cost effective method of diagnosis of endometrial pathology with clinical findings and radiology for corelation as done by various studies.
Dr Nandini N. M, Professor, JSS Medical College, Mysore, is attached as a teaching faculty from the past 25 years in the department of pathology . She has worked in the field of cytology of cervix and breast. She has attended many national and international conferences in countries like U.K, USA, Singapore and Netherland. She has worked on liquid based cytology, cell block technique and has come up with indegenious methods. She has severeal publications and books to her credit written on cervical and breast cancer
