Natural Products Chemistry & Research

Bioactivity Diversity in Coriander Sativum: A Comprehensive Review

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Introduction

Coriander sativum, a member of the Apiaceae family, is widely cultivated and consumed for its culinary and medicinal properties. Throughout history, this herb has been recognized for its diverse bioactive compounds and their potential health benefits. Coriander sativum is known to possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, which have been attributed to its rich phytochemical profile [1]. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the bioactivity diversity of Coriander sativum and shed light on its therapeutic potential.

Literature Review

Phytochemical composition

Coriander sativum is known to contain a wide array of phytochemicals, including essential oils, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes. The major constituents of the essential oil derived from Coriander sativum are linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, geraniol, and camphor. The phenolic compounds present in Coriander sativum, such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid, contribute to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. Flavonoids, including quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin, exhibit anticancer and neuroprotective properties [2,3]. Alkaloids, such as corianin and coriandrin, have shown potential in managing diabetes and hypertension. Additionally, terpenes, such as limonene and betacaryophyllene, demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Bioactivity and medicinal Properties

Antioxidant activity: Coriander sativum exhibits potent antioxidant activity due to the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These compounds scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and enhance the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, thus protecting against oxidative stress-related diseases [4].

Antimicrobial activity: The essential oil of Coriander sativum possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial properties of Coriander sativum make it a potential natural alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents [5].

Anti-inflammatory activity: Coriander sativum exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. This property of Coriander sativum can be attributed to its phytochemical constituents, such as phenolic compounds and terpenes, which inhibit the activation of inflammatory pathways. The antiinflammatory activity of Coriander sativum makes it a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases, including arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [6].

Anticancer activity: Several bioactive compounds found in Coriander sativum, such as quercetin and apigenin, have demonstrated anticancer properties. They exert their effects by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and suppressing tumor growth. Coriander sativum extracts have shown promising results in preclinical studies against various types of cancer, including breast, colon, and lung cancer [7].

Anti-diabetic activity: Coriander sativum has been traditionally used in the management of diabetes. The alkaloids present in Coriander sativum have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties by regulating blood glucose levels, improving insulin sensitivity, and protecting pancreatic beta cells. These effects make Coriander sativum a potential natural adjunct therapy for diabetes management [8].

Neuroprotective activity: The flavonoids and terpenes present in Coriander sativum have shown neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, preserving neuronal function, and enhancing cognitive performance. These properties suggest the potential use of Coriander sativum in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease [9].

Therapeutic applications

Coriander sativum holds great promise for various therapeutic applications due to its diverse bioactivity. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties make it suitable for the management of oxidative stress-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and age-related disorders [10]. The antimicrobial activity of Coriander sativum suggests its potential use in

food preservation and as a natural alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents. Moreover, its anticancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities highlight its potential as a complementary therapy for cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, respectively.

Conclusion

Coriander sativum exhibits remarkable bioactivity diversity, attributed to its rich phytochemical composition. Its antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties make it a valuable natural resource with extensive therapeutic potential. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and optimize the extraction methods to maximize the bioactivity of Coriander sativum. The findings from this review highlight the importance of Coriander sativum as a source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development.

Declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgment

They would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Department of Biotechnology/M.B. Goverment P. G. College, Haldwani in conducting this research.

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